Scalar Data Conversion Functions

These functions convert one data type to another.

Function	Syntax	Purpose
BYTE	BYTE(numeric value)	Casts the argument to a value of type byte
	BYTE(character value)	Parses the string as a byte value
SMALLINT	SMALLINT(numeric value)	Casts the argument to a value of type smallint
	SMALLINT(character value)	Parses the string as a `smallint` value
INTEGER	INT(numeric value) or INTEGER(numeric value)	Casts the argument to a value of type integer
	INT(character value) or INTEGER(character value)	Parses the string as an integer value
BIGINT	BIGINT(numeric value)	Casts the argument to a value of type bigint
	BIGINT(character value)	Parses the string as a `bigint` value
	BIGINT(time value)	Creates a `bigint` with the number of milliseconds represented by the time argument
	BIGINT(timestamp value)	Creates a `bigint` with the number of milliseconds after the Unix® epoch corresponding to the timestamp argument
FLOAT	FLOAT(numeric value)	Casts the argument to a value of type float
	FLOAT(character value)	Parses the string as a float value
DOUBLE	DOUBLE(numeric value)	Casts the argument to a value of type double
	DOUBLE(character value)	Parses the string as a double value
DECIMAL	DECIMAL(numeric value)	Casts the argument to a value of type decimal
	DECIMAL(character value)	Parses the string and creates a decimal value
	DECIMAL(numeric value, integer value, integer value)	Casts the first argument to a decimal value with precision of the second argument and scale of the third argument
	DECIMAL(character value, integer value, integer value)	Parses the first argument to a decimal value with precision of the second argument and scale of the third argument
CHAR \| STR	CHAR(numeric value)	Creates a string version of the numeric value
	CHAR(character value)	None
	CHAR(timestamp)	Creates a string representation of the timestamp
	CHAR(date)	Creates a string representation of the date
	CHAR(time)	Creates a string representation of the time
	CHAR(boolean)	Creates a string representation of the Boolean value
	CHAR(binary)	Creates a hexadecimal string representation of the binary value
	CHAR(ip)	Creates a string representation of the IPV4 or IPV6 value
	CHAR(ipv4)	Creates a string representation of the IPV4 value
	CHAR(hash)	Creates a string representation of the fixed-binary hash value
	CHAR(point)	Creates a string representation of the point value
	CHAR(uuid)	Creates a string representation of the Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID)
BINARY	BINARY(character value)	Parses a hexadecimal string (such as `0x54ab`) to create a binary value. Letters can be in either case.
	BINARY(binary)	None
	BINARY(hash)	Converts the fixed-length binary value (hash) to a variable-length binary value
BOOLEAN	BOOLEAN(character value)	Parses a string to create a Boolean value. The function converts any of these string values to `TRUE`: `true`, `t`, `yes`, `y`, `on`, `1`. The function converts any of these string values to `FALSE`: `false`, `f`, `no`, `n`, `off`, `0`. The string parsing is case-insensitive. Any unsupported string values raise an error.
	BOOLEAN(numeric value)	Parses a numeric value to create a Boolean value. The function converts any non-zero value to `TRUE`. The function converts `0` to `FALSE`.
	BOOLEAN(boolean)	None
DATE	DATE(character value)	Parses a string in the form ‘YYYY-MM-DD’ to create a date. Extra characters are ignored.
	DATE(date)	None
	DATE(timestamp)	Truncates a timestamp to be a date value
HASH	HASH(char, length)	Creates a fixed-length binary value, with length <length>, from a string, i.e., 0x1234abcd. Zero extended if the string does not have enough bytes, truncated if it has too many.
	HASH(binary, length)	Creates a fixed-length binary value, with length <length>, from a variable-length binary value. Zero extended if the string does not have enough bytes, truncated if it has too many.
IP	IP(character value)	Creates a value of type IPV4 or IPV6 from a string
IPV4	IPV4(character value)	Parses a string containing an IP address and creates a value of type IPV4
	IPV4(ipv4)	no-op
TIME	TIME(character value)	Parses the string to create a time value. The string must be in the form `'HH:MM[.SSSSSSSSS]'`
	TIME(bigint)	Creates a time value representing a certain number of milliseconds after midnight
	TIME(time)	None
	TIME(timestamp)	Makes a time value from the time component of a timestamp
TIMESTAMP	TIMESTAMP(character value)	Parses a string and makes a timestamp value. The string must be in the format `'YYYY-MM-DD[ HH:MM][.SSSSSSSSS]'`.
	TIMESTAMP(date)	Makes a timestamp from the date by setting the time component to `00:00:00.0`
	TIMESTAMP(timestamp)	None
	TIMESTAMP(bigint value)	Creates a timestamp from a `bigint` representing the number of milliseconds after the Unix epoch (1/1/1970).
UUID	UUID(character value)	Parses the string and makes a UUID value. The string must be a valid UUID.
	UUID(uuid)	None
WEEKS	WEEKS(integral value)	Converts an integral value to an interval value of type weeks for date calculations.
	Weeks(weeks)	None
DAYS	DAYS(integral value)	Converts an integral value to an interval value of type days for date calculations.
	DAYS(days)	None
	DAYS(weeks)	Converts an interval value of type weeks to an interval value of type days representing the same time span.
MONTHS	MONTHS(integral value)	Converts an integral value to an interval value of type months for date calculations.
	MONTHS(months)	None
	MONTHS(years)	Converts an interval value of type years to an interval value of type months representing the same time span
YEARS	YEARS(integral value)	Converts an integral value to an interval value of type years
	YEARS(years)	None
HOURS	HOURS(integral value)	Converts an integral value to an interval value of type hours
	HOURS(hours)	None
	HOURS(days)	Converts an interval value of type days to an interval value of type hours representing the same time span.
	HOURS(weeks)	Converts an interval value of type weeks to an interval value of type hours representing the same time span.
MINUTES	MINUTES(integral value)	Converts an integral value to an interval value of type minutes
	MINUTES(minutes)	None
	MINUTES(hours)	Converts an interval value of type hours to an interval value of type minutes representing the same time span
	MINUTES(days)	Converts an interval value of type days to an interval value of type minutes representing the same time span
	MINUTES(weeks)	Converts an interval value of type weeks to an interval value of type minutes representing the same time span
SECONDS	SECONDS(integral value)	Converts an integral value to an interval value of type seconds
	SECONDS(seconds)	None
	SECONDS(minutes)	Converts an interval value of type minutes to an interval value of type seconds representing the same time span
	SECONDS(hours)	Converts an interval value of type hours to an interval value of type seconds representing the same time span
	SECONDS(days)	Converts an interval value of type days to an interval value of type seconds representing the same time span
	SECONDS(weeks)	Converts an interval value of type weeks to an interval value of type seconds representing the same time span
MILLISECONDS	MILLISECONDS(integral value)	Converts an integral value to an interval value of type milliseconds
	MILLISECONDS(milliseconds)	None
	MILLISECONDS(seconds)	Converts an interval value of type seconds to an interval value of type milliseconds, representing the same time span
	MILLISECONDS(minutes)	Converts an interval value of type minutes to an interval value of type milliseconds representing the same time span
	MILLISECONDS(hours)	Converts an interval value of type hours to an interval value of type milliseconds representing the same time span
	MILLISECONDS(days)	Converts an interval value of type days to an interval value of type milliseconds representing the same time span
	MILLISECONDS(weeks)	Converts an interval value of type weeks to an interval value of type milliseconds representing the same time span
MICROSECONDS	MICROSECONDS(integral value)	Converts an integral value to an interval value of type microseconds
	MICROSECONDS(milliseconds)	Converts an interval value of type milliseconds to an interval value of type microseconds representing the same time span
	MICROSECONDS(seconds)	Converts an interval value of type seconds to an interval value of type microseconds representing the same time span
	MICROSECONDS(minutes)	Converts an interval value of type minutes to an interval value of type microseconds representing the same time span
	MICROSECONDS(hours)	Converts an interval value of type hours to an interval value of type microseconds representing the same time span
	MICROSECONDS(days)	Converts an interval value of type days to an interval value of type microseconds representing the same time span
	MICROSECONDS(weeks)	Converts an interval value of type weeks to an interval value of type microseconds representing the same time span
	MICROSECONDS(microseconds)	None
NANOSECONDS	NANOSECONDS(integral value)	Converts an integral value to an interval value of type nanoseconds
	NANOSECONDS(microseconds)	Converts an interval value of type microseconds to an interval value of type nanoseconds representing the same time span
	NANOSECONDS(milliseconds)	Converts an interval value of type milliseconds to an interval value of type nanoseconds representing the same time span
	NANOSECONDS(seconds)	Converts an interval value of type seconds to an interval value of type nanoseconds representing the same time span
	NANOSECONDS(minutes)	Converts an interval value of type minutes to an interval value of type nanoseconds representing the same time span
	NANOSECONDS(hours)	Converts an interval value of type hours to an interval value of type nanoseconds representing the same time span
	NANOSECONDS(days)	Converts an interval value of type days to an interval value of type nanoseconds representing the same time span
	NANOSECONDS(weeks)	Converts an interval value of type weeks to an interval value of type nanoseconds representing the same time span
	NANOSECONDS(nanoseconds)	None

Implicit Conversions

In certain situations, Ocient® SQL can automatically convert expressions to a specific data type without an explicit SQL statement.

Cast from Strings

You can cast string literals to any other data type by placing the name of the data type before the string literal. Examples Cast a Double Cast the value 1.5 from a string to a floating-point value.

SQL

SELECT DOUBLE '1.5';

*Output: *1.5 Cast an Array Cast the array INT[0,1,2,3] from a string to an array of integers.

SQL

SELECT INT[] 'INT[0,1,2,3]';

*Output: *['0','1','2','3'] Cast a Point Value Cast the point value POINT(0 0) to the geospatial data type POINT. In this case, the cast keyword is ST_POINT, and the data type is POINT.

SQL

SELECT ST_POINT 'POINT(0 0)';

*Output: *POINT(0.0 0.0)

Cast from Date and Time Strings

You can cast date and time values to their interval value with the INTERVAL keyword. Retrieve Interval Values from Various Date and Time Strings Retrieve the interval value 5 from the '5 DAYS' string.

SQL

SELECT INTERVAL '5 DAYS';

*Output: *5 Retrieve the interval value 2 from the '2 WEEKS' string.

SQL

SELECT INTERVAL '2 WEEKS';

*Output: *2 Retrieve the interval value 10 from the '10 SECONDS' string.

SQL

SELECT INTERVAL '10 SECONDS';

Output: 10

CAST Functions

These SQL statements allow casting an expression to any other data type.

CAST

Transforms an expression to any other data type. This function operates similarly to the :: Operator. Syntax

SQL

CAST[!] expr [AS] data_type

Argument	Data Type	Description
`expr`	Any	A column or value to transform to another data type.
`data_type`	String	Any of the Ocient-supported data types. For a full list, see Data Types.

As shown in the syntax examples, CAST can support the optional ! operator.The ! operator returns a NULL value if the operation cannot cast to the specified data type. This behavior prevents situations where the system would normally raise an error.

Examples Cast an Integer to Varchar Transform the value 2 as a VARCHAR string.

SQL

SELECT CAST(2 AS VARCHAR);

Output: '2' Cast a Varchar to Date Transform the '2020-02-02' string to the DATE data type.

SQL

SELECT CAST('2020-02-02' AS DATE);

*Output: *'2020-02-02' Cast an Incompatible Type with the ! Operator Transform the 'a' string to an integer, or INT data type, using the ! operator.

SQL

SELECT CAST!('a' AS INT);

Output: NULL This operation generates NULL because the database cannot transform this value to an integer. Without adding this operator, the statement raises an error because the database cannot transform the input expression to a numeric type.

`::` Operator

Transforms an expression to any other data type. This function operates similarly to the CAST function. :: Syntax

SQL

expr ::[!] data_type

Argument	Data Type	Description
`expr`	Any	A column or value to transform to another data type.
`data_type`	String	Any of the Ocient-supported data types. For a full list, see Data Types.

As shown in the syntax examples, :: can support the optional ! operator.The ! operator returns a NULL value if the operation cannot cast to the specified data type. This behavior prevents situations where the system would normally raise an error.

Examples Cast an Integer to Float Transform the '2' string to a floating-point number.

SQL

SELECT '2' :: FLOAT;

Output: 2.0 Cast to an Incompatible Type with the ! Operator Transform the 'a' string to an integer, or INT data type, using the ! operator.

SQL

SELECT 'a' ::! INT;

Map Functions

A map is a set of key-value pairs that the Ocient System stores as two parallel arrays: one array of keys and one array of values. The key at each position in the key array corresponds to the value at the same position in the value array. You can store a map in a single column with the data type TUPLE<<key_type[], value_type[]>>, where the first tuple element is the key array and the second tuple element is the value array. The map functionality is similar to a Python® dictionary dict or a hash table. The map functions insert, retrieve, and remove key-value pairs in a map. Each map function accepts a map as a single TUPLE type argument or as two separate ARRAY type arguments. These rules apply to all map functions:

The key array and the value array can use different element data types, and each array supports scalar element data types such as INT, CHAR, DATE, TIMESTAMP, DECIMAL, UUID, and POINT.
The keys in a map must be unique. If the key array contains duplicate keys, the function returns an error.
A NULL key is a valid map key. A map can contain at most one entry with a NULL key.
If the map argument is NULL, the function returns NULL.

MAP_DELETE

Removes the entry for the specified key from a map. If the key is not present in the map, the function returns the map unchanged. If you specify a NULL key, the function removes the entry with the NULL key. The function returns the resulting map as a TUPLE type containing the key and value arrays. Syntaxes Remove a Key from a Map Tuple Removes the entry for the specified key from a map that you specify as a tuple.

SQL

MAP_DELETE(map, key)

Argument	Data Type	Description
`map`	TUPLE	A map as a `TUPLE` type containing two parallel arrays with the data type `TUPLE<<key_type[], value_type[]>>`. The first tuple element is the key array, and the second tuple element is the value array.
`key`	Element data type of the key array	The key to remove from the map.

Remove a Key from Separate Key and Value Arrays Removes the entry for the specified key from a map that you specify as separate key and value arrays.

SQL

MAP_DELETE(keys_array, values_array, key)

Argument	Data Type	Description
`keys_array`	ARRAY	The array that contains the keys of the map.
`values_array`	ARRAY	The array that contains the values of the map. The value at each position in this array corresponds to the key at the same position in the `keys_array` argument.
`key`	Element data type of the key array	The key to remove from the map.

Examples Remove a Key from a Map Tuple Remove the key 1 and its value from a map that contains two entries.

SQL

SELECT MAP_DELETE(TUPLE<<INT[], INT[]>>(INT[](1, 2), INT[](10, 20)), 1);

Output: TUPLE<<INT[], INT[]>>(INT[](2), INT[](20)) Remove a Key from Separate Key and Value Arrays Remove the key 'bob' and its value from a map with character keys and integer values.

SQL

SELECT MAP_DELETE(CHAR[]('alice', 'bob'), INT[](10, 20), 'bob');

Output: TUPLE<<CHAR[], INT[]>>(CHAR[]('alice'), INT[](10))

MAP_GET

Returns the value for the specified key in a map. If the key is not present in the map, the function returns NULL. If you specify a NULL key, the function returns the value for the entry with the NULL key. The function also returns NULL when the stored value for the key is NULL, so a NULL result can mean either that the key is not present or that its value is NULL. Syntaxes Retrieve a Value from a Map Tuple Returns the value for the specified key from a map that you specify as a tuple.

SQL

MAP_GET(map, key)

Argument	Data Type	Description
`map`	TUPLE	A map as a `TUPLE` type containing two parallel arrays with the data type `TUPLE<<key_type[], value_type[]>>`. The first tuple element is the key array, and the second tuple element is the value array.
`key`	Element data type of the key array	The key to find in the map.

Retrieve a Value from Separate Key and Value Arrays Returns the value for the specified key from a map that you specify as separate key and value arrays.

SQL

MAP_GET(keys_array, values_array, key)

Argument	Data Type	Description
`keys_array`	ARRAY	The array that contains the keys of the map.
`values_array`	ARRAY	The array that contains the values of the map. The value at each position in this array corresponds to the key at the same position in the `keys_array` argument.
`key`	Element data type of the key array	The key to find in the map.

Examples Retrieve a Value from a Map Tuple Retrieve the value for the key 'bob' from a map with character keys and integer values.

SQL

SELECT MAP_GET(TUPLE<<CHAR[], INT[]>>(CHAR[]('alice', 'bob'), INT[](10, 20)), 'bob');

Output: 20 Retrieve a Value from Separate Key and Value Arrays Retrieve the value for the key 3. The key is not present in the map, so the function returns NULL.

SQL

SELECT MAP_GET(INT[](1, 2), CHAR[]('x', 'y'), 3);

Output: NULL

MAP_PUT

Inserts a key-value pair into a map. If the key is already present in the map, the function replaces its value and keeps its position in the key array. The function returns the resulting map as a TUPLE type containing the key and value arrays. The data type of the key argument must match the element data type of the key array, and the data type of the value argument must match the element data type of the value array. Otherwise, the function returns an error. You can insert a NULL key or a NULL value. If the map already contains an entry with a NULL key, the function replaces its value. Syntaxes Insert a Key-Value Pair into a Map Tuple Inserts a key-value pair into a map that you specify as a tuple.

SQL

MAP_PUT(map, key, value)

Argument	Data Type	Description
`map`	TUPLE	A map as a `TUPLE` type containing two parallel arrays with the data type `TUPLE<<key_type[], value_type[]>>`. The first tuple element is the key array, and the second tuple element is the value array.
`key`	Element data type of the key array	The key to insert into the map.
`value`	Element data type of the value array	The value to associate with the key.

Insert a Key-Value Pair into Separate Key and Value Arrays Inserts a key-value pair into a map that you specify as separate key and value arrays.

SQL

MAP_PUT(keys_array, values_array, key, value)

Argument	Data Type	Description
`keys_array`	ARRAY	The array that contains the keys of the map.
`values_array`	ARRAY	The array that contains the values of the map. The value at each position in this array corresponds to the key at the same position in the `keys_array` argument.
`key`	Element data type of the key array	The key to insert into the map.
`value`	Element data type of the value array	The value to associate with the key.

Examples Insert a New Key into a Map Tuple Insert the key 2 with the value 20 into a map that contains one entry.

SQL

SELECT MAP_PUT(TUPLE<<INT[], INT[]>>(INT[](1), INT[](10)), 2, 20);

Output: TUPLE<<INT[], INT[]>>(INT[](1, 2), INT[](10, 20)) Update an Existing Key in Separate Key and Value Arrays Insert the key 1 with the value 30. The key is already present in the map, so the function replaces its value while keeping its position.

SQL

SELECT MAP_PUT(INT[](1, 2), INT[](10, 20), 1, 30);

Output: TUPLE<<INT[], INT[]>>(INT[](1, 2), INT[](30, 20)) Date and Time Functions Character and Binary Functions Math Functions and Operators Formatting Functions Array Functions and Operators Tuple Functions and Operators